课72：连词

Lesson 72: Conjunctions

让我们从修订版中休息一下，看看连接词。

Let's take a break from revision, and look at Conjunctions.

这些是“连接”词。 它们将两个单词，短语或句子连接在一起。

These are "joining" words. They connect two words, or phrases, or sentences together.

示例为：“和”，“因为”，“但是”，“如果”，“或”，“除非”。

Examples are: "and", "because", "but", "if", "or", "unless".

有两种类型的连接：协调连接和从属连接。

There are two types of conjunction: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions 并列连词

协调连接将句子中同样重要的部分连接在一起。

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence that are equally important.

三种最常用的协调连接是：“和”，“或”和“但是”。

The three most used coordinating conjunctions are: "and", "or" and "but".

较少使用的是：“为”，“也不”，“但”和“所以”。

Less used ones are: "for", "nor", "yet" and "so".

这是一个例子：

Here is an example:

The weather was wet. We took umbrellas with us. 天气潮湿。 我们带了伞。

这是两个同样重要的句子。 可以使用“所以”将它们链接在一起，以使句子更流畅：

These are two equally-important sentences. They can be linked using "so" to make one sentence that flows better:

The weather was wet, so we took umbrellas with us. 天气很潮湿，所以我们带上了雨伞。

这是另一个示例，您可能还记得：

Here is another example, which you may remember:

Fred picked up the bucket of sand. He put it on the table. 弗雷德捡起一桶沙子。 他把它放在桌子上。

这些句子可以使用“和”链接：

These sentences can be linked using "and":

Fred picked up the bucket of sand and put it on the table. 弗雷德捡起一桶沙子，放在桌上。

连词“和”通常会添加或组合事物。 例如：

The conjunction "and" usually adds or combines things. For example:

Frank went to the shops. Muriel went to the shops. Frank and Muriel went to the shops. 弗兰克去了商店。 穆里尔去了商店。 弗兰克和穆里尔去了商店。

连词“但是”将事物进行对比。 例如：

The conjunction "but" contrasts things. For example:

Jan worked hard and was tired. Jan was happy. Jan worked hard and was tired but happy. 扬努力工作，累了。 简很高兴。 扬努力工作，累了却很高兴。

连词“或”表示一个选择。 例如：

The conjunction "or" shows a choice. For example:

Would you like some tea? Would you like some coffee? Would you like some tea or coffee? 你想喝点茶吗？ 你想喝咖啡吗？ 您要喝茶还是咖啡？

有两个否定的协调连词：“都不”和“不”。 它们经常一起使用。 例如：

There are two negative coordinating conjunctions: "neither" and "nor". They are often used together. For example:

Frank does not want to move to a retirement village. Muriel does not want to move. Neither Frank nor Muriel wants to move. 弗兰克不想搬到退休村。 穆里尔不想动。 弗兰克和穆里尔都不想搬家。

Subordinating Conjunctions 从属连词

这些将不太重要的短语或句子连接到更重要的短语或句子。

These join a phrase or sentence which is less important, to another which is more important.

它们包括：“之后”，“虽然”，“因为”，“之前”，“如果”，“以防万一”，“如此”，“因此”，“除非”，“何时”，“在……时”等等 其他。

They include: "after", "although", "because", "before", "if", "in case", "so that", "therefore", "unless", "when", "while" and many others.

他们使该短语依赖于句子的其余部分。 例如，“大多数火车正常行驶”这句话本身并没有多大意义。 但是，当将“尽管”与“墨尔本的一些街道被洪水淹没”结合起来使用时，这句话很明智：

They make the phrase dependent on the rest of the sentence for its meaning. For example, the sentence "most trains ran normally" doesn't make much sense by itself. But when it's joined using "Although" with "some streets were flooded in Melbourne" it makes a sensible sentence:

Although some streets were flooded in Melbourne, most trains ran normally. 尽管墨尔本有些街道被洪水淹没，但大多数火车仍能正常行驶。

这是另一个例子。 “这不是他最喜欢的游泳姿势”本身没有什么意义。 但是将其与“尽管”和“大卫的爬网效果很好”一起使用，结果是：

Here's another example. "It isn't his favourite swimming stroke" makes little sense by itself. But put it with "Although" and "David does the crawl quite well" and the result is:

Although it isn't his favourite swimming stroke, David does the crawl quite well. 虽然这不是他最喜欢的游泳运动，但大卫的表现非常好。

这是另外两个使用“因为”的示例：

Here are two more examples, using "because":

Because they ran out of money, the builders dropped their planned work on the apartment block. 因为他们没钱了，建筑商放弃了他们在公寓楼的计划工作。

John scrapped his oldest vehicle because repairing it would be throwing good money after bad. 约翰取消了他最古老的车辆，因为修理它会在糟糕的情况下投入很多钱。

这是一个使用“尽管”的示例：

And here is one example using "although":

Alan was pushed to go to Law School, although he wanted to be an electrician. 艾伦被迫去法学院，虽然他想成为一名电工。

Conjunctions in Pairs 成对连词

一对连接词称为相关词。 它显示了在句子的不同部分表达的思想之间的关系。

A pair of conjunctions is called a correlative. It shows the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence.

最常见的相关词是：“ ...和”，“ ...或”，“既...也不”和“不仅...而且”。 它们被称为协调相关项。 这是使用“ ...和”两者的示例：

The most common correlatives are: "both ... and", "either ... or", "neither ... nor" and "not only ... but also". They are called coordinating correlatives. Here's an example using "both ... and":

David is both a good sportsman and an excellent student. 大卫既是一个优秀的运动员，又是一个出色的学生。

这是一个使用“不仅...而且”的示例：

Here's an example using "not only ... but also":

The politician was not only stupid, but also corrupt. 政治家不仅愚蠢，而且腐败。

使用“或者…或”来连接两个肯定短语，例如：

Use "either…or" to join two positive phrases, for example:

Either Frank or Muriel will be available to look after the children tomorrow. 明天，弗兰克或穆里尔都可以照顾孩子。

使用“既不…也不”将两个否定词连接起来，例如：

Use "neither…nor" to join two negatives, for example:

Neither Frank nor Muriel will be available to look after the children tomorrow. 明天弗兰克和穆里尔都将无法照顾孩子。

较少见的相关词是“如果……当时”，“少于……”，“高于……”和“如此……”。 它们被称为从属关联词。

Less-common correlatives are "if ... then", "less ... than", "more ... than" and "so ... that". They are called subordinating correlatives.

这是使用“如果……当时”的示例：

Here's an example using "if ... then":

If these drug dealers are so clever, then why do the Police keep locking them up? 如果这些毒贩这么聪明，那为什么警察要把他们锁起来呢？

这是一个使用“小于...”的示例：

Here's an example using "less ... than":

Melbourne has less water in its dams than it did this time last year. 墨尔本的水坝水量比去年同期少。

这是一个使用“高于...”的示例：

Here's an example using "more ... than":

Frank walked more kilometres than he usually does on a weekday. 弗兰克比平日走路的路程多。

这是一个使用“如此...”的示例：

Here's an example using "so ... that":

Yan was so tired after a day shopping that she fell asleep straight away. 逛了一天后，艳太累了，她马上就睡着了。

在本课程的其余部分中，连接用“（conj）”标识。

In the remainder of this course, conjunctions are identified by "(conj)".