教训109：澳大利亚的历史

Lesson 109: A History of Australia

ORIGINAL INHABITANTS 原居民

Aboriginal Australians have lived in the nation for at least 50,000 years. 澳大利亚原住民在澳大利亚居住了至少50,000年。 They arrived in Australia from Asia during the last Ice Age, when sea levels were much lower. 他们是在最后一个冰河时期从亚洲到达澳大利亚的，当时海平面要低得多。

Aboriginal culture is therefore the oldest living culture in the world. 因此，土著文化是世界上最古老的生活文化。 Before the arrival of foreigners, their population was about half a million, living as nomads or in villages, speaking about 250 different languages and practising agriculture. 在外国人到来之前，他们的人口约为50万，以游牧民族或乡村生活，讲大约250种不同的语言并从事农业。

EARLY EXPLORATION 早期探索

The earliest known possible explorer was the Chinese captain Zheng He, whose Ming Dynasty treasure fleets explored the Southern Ocean in the 15th century. 最早知道的可能的探险家是中国上尉郑和，他的明朝宝藏船队于15世纪探索了南大洋。

The earliest European explorer was the Dutchman Willem Janszoon in 1606. 欧洲最早的探险家是1606年的荷兰人Willem Janszoon。 He landed on the Cape York peninsula (in North QLD). 他降落在约克角半岛（北昆士兰州北部）。 The same year, the Spaniard de Torres sailed through what we now call the Torres Strait, separating Australia from Papua New Guinea. 同年，西班牙人托雷斯（Spaniard de Torres）穿越了我们现在称为托雷斯海峡（Torres Strait），将澳大利亚与巴布亚新几内亚分开。 Later, the British sailor William Dampier charted part of the western coast. 后来，英国水手威廉·丹皮尔（William Dampier）绘制了西海岸的一部分。

The next British explorer was Captain James Cook, who charted the eastern coastline. 下一位英国探险家是詹姆斯库克船长（James Cook），他绘制了东部海岸线。 On August 22, 1770, he claimed the land (named "Terra Australis" = Southern Land) as a possession of England. 1770年8月22日，他宣称该土地（名称为“ Terra Australis” =南部土地）为英格兰的财产。 Cook named the eastern half of the country "New South Wales". 库克将该国的东部命名为“新南威尔士州”。

The local aboriginals were not consulted about having their land taken away from them. 没有征询当地土著人的土地被剥夺的信息。 Grievances about this persist to this day. 对此的抱怨一直持续到今天。

THE FIRST FLEET 第一队

Criminal punishment in the 18th century in England was severe. 在18世纪，英格兰的刑事处罚十分严厉。 Criminals could be executed for many crimes. 罪犯可能因许多罪行而被处决。 The English Parliament decided that minor crimes would be punished by "transportation", meaning shipping convicts overseas. 英国议会决定对轻罪进行“运输”处分，这意味着将罪犯运送到海外。 Convicts were transported to Virginia and Maryland in what is now called the USA, and to Australia. 罪犯被运送到现在被称为美国的弗吉尼亚州和马里兰州，再到澳大利亚。

The First Fleet of 11 ships with 759 convicts arrived on 18 January 1788, at what we now call Botany Bay, Sydney. 第一舰队的11艘舰队中有759名罪犯于1788年1月18日抵达我们现在称为悉尼植物园的地方。 The fleet was commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip. 舰队由亚瑟·菲利普（Arthur Phillip）上尉指挥。

Botany Bay was a poor anchorage, so on 26 January 1788 the fleet moved to what is now known as Sydney Cove. 植物园湾是一个糟糕的锚地，因此在1788年1月26日，舰队转移到了现在被称为悉尼湾的地方。 This is part of the huge, sheltered Sydney Harbour. 这是巨大的庇护悉尼港的一部分。

A second fleet arrived in 1790 and a third fleet came in 1791. 第二批机队于1790年到达，第三批机队于1791年到达。 NSW continued to receive convicts until 1848. 新南威尔士州继续接受定罪，直到1848年。 Convicts were also sent to Tasmania. 罪犯也被送往塔斯马尼亚州。

In all, about 162,000 convicts were transported. 总共运送了约162,000名罪犯。 Once their sentences ended, they became free settlers. 一旦他们的刑期结束，他们便成为自由定居者。 They received grants of land (all originally aboriginal land) and began farming and other businesses. 他们获得了土地赠款（全部都是原住民土地），并开始了农业和其他业务。

The possession and clearing of land brought the white settlers into conflict with the aborigines, and people were killed on both sides. 土地的拥有和清理使白人定居者与土著居民发生冲突，双方都被杀害。 Diseases such as smallpox introduced by the settlers also killed many aborigines. 定居者引入的天花等疾病也杀死了许多土著居民。

Captain Phillip returned to England in 1792, taking examples of Australian plants and animals, and two aboriginal people. 菲利普上尉于1792年返回英国，以澳大利亚的动植物和两个原住民为例。

Free settlers started arriving in 1793, escaping poverty in England and Ireland. 自由定居者于1793年开始抵达，摆脱了英格兰和爱尔兰的贫困。 The first colonists settled in "Van Diemen's Land" (now called Tasmania) in 1803, founding the towns of Hobart and Launceston. 1803年，第一批殖民者定居在“范迪门的土地”（现在称为塔斯马尼亚州），建立了霍巴特镇和朗塞斯顿镇。 Colonel Macquarie became Governor of Australia in 1810. 麦格理上校于1810年成为澳大利亚州长。

Settlers spread inland, and to other parts of the coast. 定居者向内陆扩散，并扩散到沿海其他地区。 Brisbane (in QLD) was founded in 1825, Perth (in WA) in 1829, Melbourne (in VIC) in 1834, Adelaide (in SA) in 1836 and Darwin (in the NT) in 1869. 布里斯班（昆士兰州）成立于1825年，珀斯（华盛顿州）于1829年成立，墨尔本（维多利亚州）（1834年），阿德莱德（SA）于1836年成立，新南威尔士州（NT）于1869年成立。

By 1850 the White population of Australia was about 400,000. 到1850年，澳大利亚的白人人口约为40万。 Explorers Sturt, Mitchell, Burke and Wills surveyed the interior of the country. 探险家斯特尔（Sturt），米切尔（Mitchell），伯克（Burke）和威尔斯（Wills）对这个国家的内部进行了调查。

SHEEP 羊

In 1797 Merino sheep were brought to Australia. 1797年，美利奴羊被带到澳大利亚。 Their numbers boomed - by 1850 there were 13 million sheep in NSW, and half of all wool woven in Britain came from Australia. 他们的数量猛增-到1850年，新南威尔士州有1300万绵羊，而英国编织的羊毛中有一半来自澳大利亚。

Other industries at the time were sealing, whaling and mining for tin and copper. 当时的其他行业是锡，铜的密封，捕鲸和采矿。

The great drought of the 1890s caused half the sheep flock (50 million) to die. 1890年代的严重干旱导致一半的羊群（5000万）死亡。 The search for reliable water supplies in the driest country in the world led to the invention of bore pumps powered by windmills. 在世界上最干旱的国家中寻找可靠的水供应，导致了由风车提供动力的钻孔泵的发明。

GOLD RUSHES 淘金

The discovery of gold in Australia in the 1850s boosted the economy, with over half a million people emigrating to work in the goldfields. 1850年代在澳大利亚发现了黄金，从而促进了经济发展，超过半百万的人移民到金矿工作。 Towns such as Melbourne, Ballarat and Bendigo in the state of VIC expanded quickly, with many beautiful buildings dating from this period. 维多利亚州的墨尔本，巴拉瑞特（Ballarat）和本迪戈（Bendigo）等城镇迅速扩张，许多美丽的建筑都可以追溯到这一时期。

In 1861 Melbourne was the largest city with a population of about 125,000. 1861年，墨尔本是最大的城市，人口约125,000。 Sydney had about 100,000 people. 悉尼大约有10万人。

This was also the first wave of Chinese migration, with 50,000 Chinese arriving and the establishment of many Chinatowns. 这也是中国移民的第一波潮，有50,000名华人抵达，并建立了许多唐人街。

THE STATES and FEDERATION 州和联邦

In 1851 VIC was made a separate state from NSW. 1851年，维多利亚州（VIC）脱离了新南威尔士州（NSW）。 In 1859 QLD became a state. 1859年，昆士兰州成为州。 States were independent until 1901. 直到1901年，国家都是独立的。

In 1901 the states agreed to join together ("federate") to form the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901年，各州同意合并在一起（“联邦”）组成澳大利亚联邦。 This needed a new capital city. 这需要一个新的首都。

It was agreed that the capital could be in NSW but no less than 100 kilometres from Sydney. 同意将首都设在新南威尔士州，但距悉尼不少于100公里。 This led to the creation of Canberra, which was built in the ACT, a small Territory carved out of NSW. 这导致了堪培拉的创建，它建于ACT，即新南威尔士州雕刻出来的一个小领土。

While Canberra was being built, a temporary Parliament was set up in Melbourne for 27 years. 在建设堪培拉期间，在墨尔本成立了一个临时议会，历时27年。

WARS 战争

Australia has been involved in major wars in support of England (known as the "Mother Country"), South Korea, South Vietnam and the USA. 澳大利亚参与了支持英国（被称为“母国”），韩国，南越和美国的重大战争。

In World War I, 324,000 Australian men enlisted to fight, in France, Palestine, Turkey and elsewhere. 在第一次世界大战中，有324,000名澳大利亚男子应征参加了战斗，他们分别在法国，巴勒斯坦，土耳其和其他地方参加战斗。 Both Australian and New Zealand forces (ANZACs) took part in a campaign against Turkey, at Gallipoli, and were thoroughly defeated. 澳大利亚和新西兰军队（ANZAC）都参加了在加里波利对土耳其的战役，并被彻底击败。 Despite this, April 25th, the start of the campaign, is celebrated each year as ANZAC Day. 尽管如此，每年的4月25日仍是ANZAC日，庆祝活动的开始。 On this day Australians remember the sacrifice of their Armed Forces. 在这一天，澳大利亚人记得武装部队的牺牲。

In World War II, almost 1 million Australians, men and women, enlisted to fight, in France, Germany, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Borneo, Papua New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. 在第二次世界大战中，将近一百万的澳大利亚男人和女人参加了法国，德国，意大利，希腊，埃及，婆罗洲，巴布亚新几内亚和太平洋诸岛的战斗。 This war came "close to home", with the Japanese Air Force bombing Darwin and Japanese midget submarines attacking Sydney Harbour. 这场战争“近在咫尺”，日本空军轰炸了达尔文，日本小型潜艇袭击了悉尼港。

In the Korean War, 17000 Australians were part of the United Nations (UN) force fighting to support South Korea. 在朝鲜战争中，有17000名澳大利亚人参加了为支持韩国而战的联合国部队。 In the Vietnam War, nearly 8000 Australians were part of the USA force fighting to support South Vietnam. 在越南战争中，将近8000名澳大利亚人参加了支援南越的美军战斗。

Australians have also fought in minor wars, including: 澳大利亚人还参加过小规模战争，其中包括： the 2nd Boer War in South Africa 南非第二次布尔战争 the Boxer Rebellion in China 中国义和团运动 the Russian Civil War 俄罗斯内战 the Indonesian Revolution 印尼革命 the Malayan Emergency 马来亚紧急情况 the Borneo Confrontation 婆罗洲对峙 the Gulf War 海湾战争 the Afghanistan War, and 阿富汗战争，以及 the Iraq War. 伊拉克战争。

ECONOMY 经济

A severe drought caused a recession in the 1890s. 严重的干旱在1890年代造成了衰退。 World War I disrupted the economy from 1914 to 1918. 第一次世界大战从1914年到1918年扰乱了经济。

In the 1920s immigration from Britain continued. 在1920年代，继续从英国移民。 Sydney became the first Australian city to have a population of 1 million in 1922. 悉尼成为1922年第一个拥有100万人口的澳大利亚城市。 Melbourne followed it in 1928. 1928年，墨尔本紧随其后。 The Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932. 悉尼海港大桥（Sydney Harbour Bridge）于1932年开放。

The first commercial flight in Australia was in 1921, in WA. 澳大利亚的第一架商业航班是1921年在西澳大利亚州。 Radio broadcasting began in 1923. 无线电广播始于1923年。 In 1928, Bert Hinkler (from QLD) made the first solo flight from Britain to Australia. 1928年，来自昆士兰州（QLD）的伯特·欣克勒（Bert Hinkler）进行了从英国到澳大利亚的首次单飞。 Also in 1928, the Flying Doctor service began. 同样在1928年，“飞行医生”服务开始了。 This delivers medical services by air in remote parts of Australia. 这样可以在澳大利亚偏远地区通过航空提供医疗服务。

In 1929 the worldwide Great Depression hit Australia. 1929年，世界大萧条席卷了澳大利亚。 Unemployment was high for 10 years. 失业率连续十年居高不下。

POST-WAR BOOM 战后繁荣

After Word War II the economy and the birth rate boomed. 第二次世界大战后，经济和出生率迅速增长。 Wordwide, people born in this decade are called "baby boomers". 在全球范围内，在这十年中出生的人被称为“婴儿潮一代”。 In the 1950s and 1960s, unemployment was low and the standard of living was high. 在1950年代和1960年代，失业率很低，生活水平很高。

The School of the Air (where students in remote parts of Australia are educated over short-wave radio) began in 1951. 空中学校（澳大利亚偏远地区的学生通过短波广播接受教育的学校）始建于1951年。 Television broadcasting began in 1956. 电视广播始于1956年。 The Sydney Opera House, after a difficult construction period, opened in 1973. 经过艰苦的建设之后，悉尼歌剧院（Sydney Opera House）于1973年开业。

In 1949 the the National Citizenship Act meant that Australians were no longer citizens of England, but citizens of Australia. 1949年，《国家公民法》意味着澳大利亚人不再是英格兰公民，而是澳大利亚公民。

Economic growth and prosperity declined in the mid-1970s. 1970年代中期，经济增长和繁荣下降。 In 1975 the Governor-General (you learned in Lesson 88 that they wield the power of the Monarch) controversially dismissed the Australian Government for being unable to govern. 1975年，总督（您在第88课中了解到，他们行使了君主的权力）颇有争议，因为澳大利亚无法执政而解散了澳大利亚政府。

Inflation and unemployment began to rise. 通货膨胀和失业率开始上升。 By 1983 it had reached 10%. 到1983年，这一比例已达到10％。 It fell to about 6% by 1988 but then began to rise again and was high in the 1990s. 到1988年下降到6％左右，但随后又开始上升，并在1990年代达到高点。

MULTICULTURALISM and NEW ARRIVALS 多元文化主义与新来港定居人士

Starting in the 1950s, a wave of non-English immigration started, often displaced persons from World War II in Europe. 从1950年代开始，掀起了一股非英语移民浪潮，通常是欧洲第二次世界大战后的流离失所者。 However Asian migrants were not welcomed until 1978, when the "White Australia" policy ended. 但是直到1978年“白人澳大利亚”政策结束时，亚洲移民才受到欢迎。

The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme started in 1949 and lasted for 25 years. 雪山水电计划始于1949年，持续了25年。 It employed 100,000 people, 70% of them migrants from 30 different nations. 它雇用了10万人，其中70％来自30个不同国家的移民

In the 1970s and 1980s refugees arrived from Vietnam, Cambodia and other Asian countries, fleeing war and persecution. 1970年代和1980年代，逃离战争和迫害的难民从越南，柬埔寨和其他亚洲国家抵达。 Today Australia has a refugee migration program, a skilled migrant program and a family reunion program. 今天，澳大利亚有一个难民移民计划，一个熟练的移民计划和一个家庭团聚计划。 Discrimination on the basis of age, race, sex, pregnancy, marital status and disability is unlawful. 基于年龄，种族，性别，怀孕，婚姻状况和残疾的歧视是非法的。

INDIGENOUS (ABORIGINAL) AUSTRALIANS 土著（原住民）澳大利亚人

Apart from being killed by settlers and dying from European diseases, Aboriginals were displaced from their traditional land and way of living, and put in church-run "mission" settlements. 除了被定居者杀死和死于欧洲疾病之外，原住民也从传统的土地和生活方式中流离失所，被安置在教堂管理的“特派团”定居点。

From the 1910s to the 1970s, at least 20,000 aboriginal children of mixed race were taken from their parents for integration into white society. 从1910年代到1970年代，至少有20,000个混合种族的原住民儿童被父母带走，以融入白人社会。 These children are known as the "Stolen Generation". 这些孩子被称为“被盗的一代”。

In aboriginal communities, poor health and education, alcoholism and unemployment led to crime and violence. 在原住民社区，不良的健康和教育，酗酒和失业导致犯罪和暴力。 Aboriginal life expectancy today is still about 14 years less than for other Australians. 今天的原住民预期寿命仍然比其他澳大利亚人少14岁。

From 1959 Indigenous Australians were allowed welfare benefits such as Medicare. 从1959年起，澳大利亚原住民就获得了医疗保险等福利。 After 1962 they were allowed to vote (White Australians had been able to vote since 1850 for men and 1890 for women). 1962年之后，他们被允许投票（自1850年以来，白人澳大利亚人就可以投票给男性，而1890年则可以为妇女投票）。 In 1971 aboriginals were included in the Census as citizens, for the first time. 1971年，土著居民首次作为公民被纳入人口普查。

In 1992, the "Mabo Judgement" ended the law of "terra nullius" (= empty land), the idea that Australia did not belong to anybody when the Europeans arrived. 1992年，“马博判决书”（Mabo Judgement）终止了“土地无效”法（即空地）的法律，即欧洲人抵达时澳大利亚不属于任何人的想法。 This had allowed aboriginal land to be stolen and given or sold to settlers. 这使原住民的土地被盗窃并转让给定居者。

In 1993 the Native Title Act recognised aboriginal ownership of large parts of Australia. 1993年，《土著所有权法》承认了澳大利亚大部分地区的原住民所有权。 Non-aboriginal users must now consult the traditional owners, pay them royalties and offer them employment. 非原住民用户现在必须咨询传统所有者，向他们支付特许权使用费并为其提供就业机会。 Some areas have been given back to the traditional owners. 一些地区已经交还给传统业主。

In 2008 the Prime Minister Kevin Rudd made a public apology to aboriginal people for past mistreatment. 2008年，总理陆克文（Kevin Rudd）向原住民公开道歉，以表达对他们过去的虐待。 The issue remains contentious. 这个问题仍有争议。

PRESENT-DAY AUSTRALIA 今日澳大利亚

Unemployment fell and the economy improved after the 1990s. 1990年代后，失业率下降，经济得到改善。 The rise in (mainly) Chinese demand for iron ore, coal, gas and food has made Australia prosperous. 中国对铁矿石，煤炭，天然气和食品的需求（主要是）的增长使澳大利亚繁荣了起来。 In 2021 the population of Australia is nearly 26 million. 到2021年，澳大利亚的人口将近2600万。

The great challenge now facing the country is climate change, causing more frequent fires, droughts and floods. 该国现在面临的最大挑战是气候变化，导致更频繁的火灾，干旱和洪水。 Private industry rather than Government is leading the transition to renewable energy. 私营企业而不是政府正在引领向可再生能源的过渡。 Gradually, thermal coal and natural gas exports will be phased out. 动力煤和天然气出口将逐步淘汰。 Exports of solar electricity, hydrogen and ammonia are poised to take their place. 太阳能，氢气和氨气的出口有望取代它们。

Another challenge is the equality of women in workplaces and government. 另一个挑战是工作场所和政府中妇女的平等。 Women's pay is lower than men's, for equivalent work. 对于同等工作，妇女的工资低于男子的工资。 Women are under-represented in the Liberal and National political parties. 自由党和国家党派中妇女人数不足。

Small gains are being made. 取得了一些小成就。 In 2008 Quentin Bryce became the first female Governor-General of Australia. 2008年，昆汀·布莱斯（Quentin Bryce）成为澳大利亚第一位女总督。 In 2010 Julia Gillard became the first female Prime Minister. 2010年，茱莉亚·吉拉德（Julia Gillard）成为第一位女总理。

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