第 152 课：外来词和短语

Lesson 152: Foreign Words and Phrases

English is a language with many words and phrases taken from other languages. 英语是一种有许多从其他语言中提取的单词和短语的语言。

The reason is that England was invaded four times and ruled by other countries, and the invaders preferred to speak their own language. 原因是英格兰曾四次被入侵并被其他国家统治，而入侵者更喜欢说自己的语言。

England was invaded by Romans in AD 43, and ruled by them for about 400 years. 英格兰于公元 43 年被罗马人入侵，并被他们统治了大约 400 年。

Latin became the common language. 拉丁语成为通用语言。

In AD 420, Roman forces left England to concentrate on the defence of Rome. 公元420年，罗马军队离开英格兰，集中力量保卫罗马。

From AD 450, England was invaded by the Angle and Saxon races from Denmark. 从公元450年开始，英格兰被来自丹麦的盎格鲁人和撒克逊人入侵。

A language similar to modern German, known as "Old English", became common. 一种类似于现代德语的语言，被称为“古英语”，变得普遍。

From 787, England was invaded by Scandinavian tribes, with the Vikings reaching as far south as the capital city, London.

从 787 年开始，斯堪的纳维亚部落入侵英格兰，维京人向南延伸至首都伦敦。

England was invaded by France in 1066, and ruled by them for 150 years. French became the common language. 英国于1066年被法国入侵，并被他们统治了150年。 法语成为通用语言。

In 1380 the Bible was translated from Latin into English. 1380 年，圣经从拉丁文被翻译成英文。

This version of English was refined by Geoffrey Chaucer, who was briefly mentioned in Lesson 3. 这个版本的英语由 Geoffrey Chaucer 改进，他在第 3 课中被简要提及。

Chaucer refined what is known as "Middle English", and introduced many exceptions. 乔叟完善了所谓的“中古英语”，并引入了许多例外情况。

He wrote "The Canterbury Tales", a set of stories about a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral, in Middle English. 他用中古英语写了《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是一组关于坎特伯雷大教堂朝圣的故事。

English has continued to evolve, and the language spoken today sounds different from Middle English. 英语不断发展，今天所说的语言听起来与中古英语不同。

Listen to the next paragraph, which is part of a Middle English recipe for pastries filled with custard. 请听下一段，这是中古英语制作奶油冻糕点食谱的一部分。

You can hear more of it from the copyright holder, The British Library, URL: https://www.bl.uk/

learning/timeline/

item126572.html 您可以从大英图书馆的版权所有者那里听到更多信息：https://www.bl.uk/

learning/timeline/

item126572.html

Take good creme, and leuys of Percely, and yolkes and white of egges, and breke hem thereto, and streyne hem all þorg a straynour till hit be so thik that it woll bere him self. And take faire Mary and Dates, cutte in ij. or iij. and prunes, and put hem in faire coffyns of paast. And then put þe coffyn in an oven, And lete hem bake till thei be hard.

In modern English, this is: 在现代英语中，这是：

Take good cream, and mix in leaves of parsley. 取好的奶油，加入欧芹叶。

Break the yolks and whites of eggs into the mixture. 将鸡蛋的蛋黄和蛋白打碎成混合物。

Strain through a strainer, till it is so stiff that it will bear (= support) itself. 通过过滤器过滤，直到它非常坚硬以至于它可以承受（=支撑）自己。

Then take good marrow, and dates cut in 2 or 3 pieces, and prunes, and put them in nice coffins (= pastry cases). 然后取好的骨髓，切成2或3块的枣，还有梅子，把它们放在漂亮的棺材里（=糕点盒）。

Put the coffins in the oven, and let them bake until they are hard. 将棺材放入烤箱，烘烤至变硬。

You can see and hear how spelling and pronunciation has changed. 您可以看到和听到拼写和发音是如何变化的。

Modern English, beginning around the 16th century, is where standardisation of pronunciation and silent letters begin. 大约从 16 世纪开始的现代英语是发音和无声字母标准化的起点。

It wasn't until the last 300 years or so that English teachers decided a single word should have only one spelling. 直到最近 300 年左右，英语教师才决定一个单词应该只有一个拼写。

In Middle English you often see different spellings of a word, even within the same text. 在中古英语中，您经常会看到一个词的不同拼写，即使是在同一文本中也是如此。

English has continued to add new words, including foreign words. 英语不断增加新词，包括外来词。

Here is a list, in alphabetic order, of the most common foreign words and phrases. 以下是按字母顺序排列的最常见外来词和短语的列表。

A

à la carte (French) = Chosen from the menu. 从菜单中选择。

addendum (Latin) = Something added to a document. 添加到文档中的内容。

ad lib (Latin) = Improvised. Also said as "off-the-cuff". 即兴创作。 也称为“即兴表演”。

au-pair (French) = A migrant worker, usually taking care of children. 农民工，平时带孩子。

ad hoc (Latin) = Meant for a particular purpose. 用于特定目的。

ad infinitum (Latin) = On and on. 一直开下去。

ad nauseum (Latin) = To a sickening degree. 到了令人作呕的程度。

aficionado (Spanish) = A person who very much likes a certain activity. 非常喜欢某项活动的人。

agent provocateur (French) = Someone who incites others to illegal action. 煽动他人进行非法行为的人。

alcohol (Arabic) = Wine, beer or other spirit. 葡萄酒、啤酒或其他烈酒。

alfresco (Italian) = In the fresh air. 在新鲜空气中。

alma mater (Latin) = Former school or university. 以前的学校或大学。

alter ego (Latin) = A person's second self. 一个人的第二个自己。

angst (German) = Anxiety. 焦虑。

au fait (French) = Knowing about something. 知道某事。

au naturel (French) = In a natural state. 在自然状态下。

avant-garde (French) = Experimentally ahead of other people. 在实验上领先于其他人。

avatar (Hindi) = Computer-generated representation of a person. 计算机生成的人物形象。

B

baksheesh (Farsi) = A tip. 一个提示。

ballet (French) = A type of dance. 舞蹈的一种。

blitzkrieg (German) = A sudden overwhelming attack. 突如其来的压倒性攻击。

bon appétit (French) = Enjoy your meal. 请享用。

bon voyage (French) = Have a good journey. 旅途愉快。

bona fide (Latin) = Genuine. 真的。

bravura (Italian) = Amazing performance. 惊人的表现。

C

cafe (French) = A small restaurant serving coffee. 供应咖啡的小餐厅。

carpe diem (Latin) = Seize the day. 把握光阴。

carte blanche (French) = Complete authority. 完全的权限。

Cause Celebre (French) = A celebrated cause. 一个著名的事业。

caveat emptor (Latin) = Let the buyer beware. 让买家当心。

chauffeur (French) = Driver. 司机。

chef (French) = Cook. 厨师。

chow (Chinese Pidgin) = Food. 食物

cordon bleu (French) = Done to a high standard. 以高标准完成。

coup (French) = A forceful change of government. 强行更迭政府。

coup de grace (French) = A merciful killing blow. 仁慈的致命一击。

croissant (French) = Crescent-shaped pastry. 新月形糕点。

cul-de-sac (French) = Dead end street or path. 死胡同的街道或路径。

D

de facto (French) = In fact. 实际上。

Debutante (French) = A young woman making her first appearance in society. 初入社会的年轻女子。

déjà vu (French) = Already seen or occurred. 已经看到或发生过。

double entendre (French) = Double meaning. 双重含义。

E

en masse (French) = In a large group. 在一大群人中。

enfant terrible (French) = Literally, a bad child. Also describes any adult whose behaviour is difficult. 说白了就是个坏孩子。 也描述任何行为困难的成年人。

et cetera (Latin) = And so on. 等等。

entourage (French) = A group of assistants. 一群助理。

entrepreneur (French) = Someone who starts their own business. 自己创业的人。

ersatz (German) = A substitute. 替补。

eureka! (Greek) = An exclamation of happiness or achievement. 对幸福或成就的感叹。

F

Fait accompli (French) = An act that has been accomplished. 已经完成的动作。

fatwa (Arabic) = An opinion of an Islamic scholar. 一位伊斯兰学者的意见。

faux pas (French) = A social blunder or boo-boo. 社交失误或错误。

femme fatale (French) = A very attractive woman who may be dangerous to know. 一个非常有魅力的女人，知道她可能会很危险。

fiasco (Italian) = A disaster. 灾难。

Finale (French) = The final part. 最后一部分。

Folderol (French) = Nonsense. 废话。

G

gauntlet (French) = Armoured glove. 装甲手套。

genre (French) = Type or category. 类型或类别。

gesundheit (German) = Bless your health! 保佑你的健康！

glasnost (Russian) = Openness. 开放性。

glitch (Yiddish) = A small problem. 一个小问题。

grand mal (French) = Epileptic attack ("large illness"). 癫痫发作（“大病”）。

Grand Prix (French) = A large prize. 大奖。

gringo (Spanish) = A foreigner. 一个外国人。

gung-ho (Chinese) = Enthusiastic ("work together"). 热情（“一起工作”）。

guru (Hindi) = A religious leader. 宗教领袖。

H

habeas corpus (Latin, "have the body") = Protection against unlawful imprisonment. 防止非法监禁。

halal (Arabic, "lawful") = Meat slaughtered in accordance with Islamic law. 根据伊斯兰法律屠宰的肉。

haram (Arabic, "forbidden") = Forbidden by Islamic law. 伊斯兰教法禁止。

hoi polloi (Greek) = A mass of people. 一大群人。

I

in flagrante delicto (Latin) = Caught in the act. 当场被捕。

in loco parentis (Latin) = A guardian, in place of a parent. 监护人，代替父母。

ipso facto (Latin) = By the fact itself. 由事实本身。

J

Je ne sais quoi (French "I don't know what") = A special quality that's hard to explain. 一种难以解释的特殊品质。

joie de vivre (French "joy of living") = Happiness. 幸福。

K

karaoke (Japanese "empty orchestra") = Entertainment where people sing along to a recorded orchestra. 人们随着录制的管弦乐队一起唱歌的娱乐活动。

ketchup (Chinese) = A pickled fish sauce . 酸菜鱼露。

kitsch (German) = Rubbish, bad taste. 垃圾，味道不好。

L

la dolce vita (Italian) = The good life. 好生活。

laissez faire (French) = Policy of non-interference. 不干涉政策。

lingua franca (Italian) = Common language. 通用语言。

M

macho (Spanish) = Arrogantly masculine. 霸气十足的男子气概。

mea culpa (Latin) = My blame. 我的错。

modus operandi (Latin) = Method of operating. 操作方法。

moped (Swedish "motor och pedaler") = Bicycle with an engine. 有引擎的自行车。

N

Nestlé (French) = Chocolate manufacturer. 巧克力制造商。

nom de plume (French) = Pen-name. 笔名。

non sequitur (Latin) = Doesn’t follow logically. 不符合逻辑。

O

objet d’art (French) = A piece of art. 一件艺术品。

off-piste (French) = Skiing away from the usual ski-runs. 远离通常的滑雪道滑雪。

P

pandemic (Greek "pandemos", "all people") = A disease that spreads to most of a population, like Covid. 一种传播给大多数人的疾病，例如 Covid。

persona non grata (Latin) = An unwelcome or unacceptable person. 不受欢迎或不可接受的人。

piece de résistance (French) = A special food or performance. 一种特殊的食物或表演。

poltergeist (German "noisy ghost") = A ghost that makes loud noises. 发出响亮声音的幽灵。

prima donna (Latin "main woman") = A conceited person. 一个自负的人。

prima facie (Latin) = At first view. 乍一看。

pro bono (Latin) = Done without charge. 免费完成。

pro forma (Latin) = Done for the sake of procedure. 为了程序而完成。

pro rata (Latin) = As a ratio. 作为比值。

punch (Hindi “paantsch”) = An alcoholic fruit drink. 一种含酒精的水果饮料。

pundit (Hindi) = An expert commentator on a specific subject. 特定主题的专家评论员。

Q

Que sera, sera (Spanish, Italian) = Whatever will be, will be. 不管会怎样，都会怎样。

quid pro quo (Latin) = Something given or done in return for something else. 给予或做某事以换取另一件事。

quod erat demonstratum (Latin) = Has been demonstrated (abbreviated “Q.E.D.”). 已被证明（缩写为“Q.E.D.”）。

R

raison d’être (French) = Reason for being. 存在的理由。

rendezvous (French) = A place to meet. 一个聚会的地方。

restaurant (French) = A place to sit down and have a meal. 一个坐下来吃饭的地方。

restaurateur (French) = An owner of a restaurant. 一家餐馆的老板。

S

safari (Swahili) = An expedition. 一次远征。

saffron (Arabic) = A yellow spice. 一种黄色香料。

sang froid (French "cold blood") = Calmness in difficult circumstances. 在困难的情况下保持冷静。

savoir-faire (French "know doing") = Ability to say and do the correct things in a social event. 在社交活动中说和做正确事情的能力。

schadenfreude (German "damage joy") = Pleasure at someone else’s misfortune. 以别人的不幸为乐。

shampoo (Hindi "champo") = To rub or massage in order to clean. 为了清洁而揉搓或按摩。

sic (Latin "thus") = In this way. Like this. 这样。

sine qua non (Latin “without which not”) = Indispensable. 必不可少。

smorgasbord (Swedish "sandwich table") = A mixture of many hot and cold dishes from which you can serve yourself. 许多冷热菜肴的混合物， 您可以自己享用。Any mixture of many choices. 许多选择的任意混合。

soupçon ( French “suspicion”) = A very small amount. 数量很少。

status quo (Latin) = An existing state or condition. 现有状态或条件。

T

tempus fugit (Latin) = Time flies. 时光飞逝。

Teppanyaki (Japanese) = Food cooked at your table, with much showmanship. 在你的餐桌上烹制的食物，很有表演技巧。

tête-à-tête (French “head to head”) = A private conversation. 私人谈话。

tour de force (French) = A demonstration of strength or ability. 力量或能力的展示。

troika (Russian) = A group of three. 三人一组。

tsunami (Japanese "harbour wave") = A large tidal wave. 巨大的海啸。

tycoon (Japanese “high commander”) = A powerful business leader. 强大的商业领袖。

U

uber (German "over") = Very, extreme. 非常，极端。

V

vendetta (Italian) = A private revenge feud. 私人报复仇恨。

veni, vidi, vici ( Latin) = "I came, I saw, I conquered" (Julius Caesar, after winning a quick victory). “我来了，我看到了，我征服了”（尤利乌斯·凯撒，速战速决后）。

verboten (German) = Forbidden. 禁止。

Vice versa (Latin) = The other way round. 反过来。

versus (Latin) = Against, especially in sport or in a court of law. 反对，特别是在运动或法庭上。

vis-à-vis (French) = As compared with. 与相比。

W

wunderkind (German “wonder child”). A person succeeding in business or entertainment at an early age. 早年在商业或娱乐方面取得成功的人。

Z

zeitgeist (German) = Spirit of the times. During Covid, zeitgeist words were: pandemic, lockdown, MRNA. 时代精神。 在 Covid 期间，时代精神的词汇是：大流行病、封锁、MRNA。