第3课：语音学

Lesson 3: Phonetics

许多语言都是语音。 这意味着，单词中的每个字母都是发音的。 德语就是一个很好的例子。 它的发音很容易学习。

Many languages are phonetic. That means, every letter in a word is pronounced. German is a good example. Its pronunciation is very easy to learn.

英语有很多例外。 有些字母根本不发音。 其他人用不同的词语发音不同。 这是因为英语是许多其他语言的混合体。 这使得英语发音难以学习。

English has many exceptions to this. Some letters are not pronounced at all. Others are pronounced differently in different words. This is because English developed as a mixture of many other languages. It makes English pronunciation hard to learn.

重要提示：在第1课中，您学习了字母及其名称。 在本课程中，您将学习它们的声音，这些声音通常与它们的名称不同！ 为了使您进一步感到困惑，许多字母的发音不止一种。 字母“ a”就是一个例子，您很快就会听到。

IMPORTANT: In Lesson 1, you learned the letters of the alphabet, and their names. In this lesson you will learn their sounds, which are generally not the same as their names! To confuse you further, many letters have more than one phonetic sound. The letter "a" is one example, as you will hear shortly.

约翰会发出字母表中的字母，因为它们的声音不同。 有些字母本身，有些字母与其他字母组合以制作独特的声音。

John will pronounce the letters of the alphabet, as they sound in different words. Some letters are by themselves, some are combined with other letters to make unique sounds.

存在44个这样的标准列表，称为“英语音素图表”。 下面的John列表中有更多组合，可以帮助您更轻松地学习。

There exists a standard list of 44 of these, called an "English Phoneme Chart". John's list below has many more combinations, to help you learn more easily.

此列表不是技术性的。 其中唯一的理论涉及“短”和“长”。 “长”的声音实际上并不比“短”的声音更长，它们听起来“更重”。

This list isn't technical. The only theory in it concerns "short" and "long". The "long" sounds aren't actually longer to say than the "short" ones, they just sound "heavier".

约翰说出组成每个发音的一个或多个字母（左栏），然后发声。

John says the alphabetic letter or letters making up each sound (left-hand column), then makes the sound.

约翰然后说出使用声音（中间栏）的例子，以及他们的普通话翻译（右栏）。

John then says examples using the sound (middle column), with their Mandarin translations (right-hand column).

请注意，约翰说话的速度比平常慢，并且会略微夸大语音。

Please note that John is speaking more slowly than usual, and is exaggerating the phonetic sounds slightly.

a
short

and, cat, have

和，猫，有

a
long

make, cake, take

使，蛋糕，采取

ar

car, after, park

汽车，后，公园

aw

law, saw, lawyer

法，锯，律师

b

back, bed, big

背部，床，大

bl

block, black, public

块，黑色，上市

br

bread, brown, brand

面包，棕色，牌

c (as
a k)

cat, car, cold

猫，汽车，冷

c (as
an s)

cent, certainly, receive

一分钱，当然，接收

cl

class, click, closed

类，点击，关闭

cr

credit, across, increase

信用，横过，增加

ch

chair, child, kitchen

椅子，儿童，厨房

d

dog, do, dinner

狗，做， 晚餐

dr

drink, bedroom, hundred

喝，卧室，百

e
short

pen, when, then

钢笔，什么时候，然后

e
long

meet, street, between

会面，街，之间

f

fat, fifteen, fish

胖，十五，鱼

fl

fly, flock, flies

飞，群，苍蝇

fr

friend, from, fruit

朋友，从，水果

g

go, get, good

走，得到， 好

gl

Google, single, English

谷歌，单，英语

gr

angry, great, ground

愤怒，大，地面

h

hair, half, happy

头发，半，快乐

i
short

it, inside, important

它，内， 重要

i
long

die, relies, simplified

死，依赖，简

j

job, just, John

工作，只是，约翰

k

kitchen, duck, parking

厨房，鸭，停车

l

last, late, litter

最后，晚了，窝

m

man, massage, morning

人，按摩，早上

n

neck, nine, not

颈部，九，不

ng

angry, during, English

愤怒，中，英语

nk

drink, thank, linked

喝，感谢，耦合

o
short

operate, popular, shop

操作，流行，店

o
long

own, follow, lower

拥有，跟随，下

oo
short

book, foot, good

书，英尺，好

oo
long

bedroom, food, goose

卧室，餐饮，鹅

or

for, pork, short

对于，猪肉，短

oi

oil, point, exploited

油，点，利用

ow

brown, cow, now

棕色，牛，现在

p

pick, play, pork

挑，玩，猪肉

ph

phone, emphasis

电话，重点

pl

please, play, complete

请，玩，完成

pr

April, probably, Spring

四月，大概，弹簧

qu

quiet, equals, frequently

安静，等于，经常

r

run, during, room

跑，中，房间

s

sit, soon, sixteen

坐，不久，十六

sh

shop, finish, fish

店，完，鱼

sk

ask, risk, unskilled

问，风险，不熟练

sl

slim, vigorously, slice

瘦，大力，切片

sp

speak, space, hospital

说话，空间，医院

spr

Spring

弹簧

st

start, street, best

开始，街，最好

str

street, strange, Australia

街，奇怪，澳大利亚

sw

swim, swapping

游泳，交换

t

table, talk, ten

表，谈论，十

th

this, thanks, them

本，谢谢，他们

tr

train, contract, truth

火车，合同，真相

u
short

up, customer, cup

向上，顾客，杯子

u
long

truth, future

真相，未来

ur
/ er

her, herd, furniture

其，一群，家具

v

visit, very, clever

访，非常，聪明

w

want, will, water

想，遗嘱，水

wh

what, when, where

什么，何时，哪里

x

x-ray, box, excuse

X-射线，框，借口

y

yes, you, year

是，您，年

z

lazy, Elizabeth, bronze

懒，伊丽莎白，青铜

zh

vision

视力

英语令人困惑，因为同一个字母可以有很多声音，例如“cat”和“make”中的“a”

English is confusing because the same letter can have many sounds, such as "a" in "cat" and "make".

当两个字母具有相同的声音时会很混乱，例如“cent”中的“c”和“sit”中的“s”。

It is confusing when two letters have the same sound, such as "c" in the word "cent", and "s" in the word "sit".

当成对的字母具有相同的声音（例如上面的“ ur”和“ er”）时，会造成混淆。

It is confusing when pairs of letters have the same sound, such as "ur" and "er" above.

14世纪，英国法院在诗人杰弗里·乔（Geoffrey Chaucer）的帮助下，试图将英语拼写和发音标准化（称为“中古英语”）以及那时的大部分混乱日期。

The English Court, helped by the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, in the 14th century, tried to standardise English spelling and pronunciation (known as "Middle English") and much of the confusion dates from that time.

混淆的一个典型例子涉及结尾“-ough”这个词。 在这里，用四个不同的声音四个字！

One classic example of the confusion involves the word ending "-ough". Here it is, in four words with four different sounds!

bough, rough, though, through
树枝，粗，虽然，通过

英语难以学习并不奇怪！

It's not surprising that English is so hard to learn!

规则是存在的，但也有很多例外。仔细聆听，正确说出单词。

There are rules, but there are many, many exceptions. Listen carefully to say words correctly.

约翰会慢慢地，以正常的速度讲这些课程，直到第29课。从那时起他只会以正常的速度说话。

John will speak these lessons slowly, as well as at normal speed, until Lesson 29. From then he will speak at normal speed only.