课63：介词

Lesson 63: Prepositions

介词是诸如“在”，“上”，“后”等单词，在英语中经常使用。 您已经在实践中见过它们数百次了，但这是John第一次给他们命名它们的语法名称。

Prepositions are words such as "in", "on", "after" and so on, used very frequently in English. You have already seen them in action hundreds of times, but this is the first time John has given them their grammatical name.

它们显示了名词或代词与句子中其他词之间的关系。 通常它们在名词之前出现。

They show the relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sentence. Usually they come before a noun.

他们连接单词并给出句子结构。

They connect words and give the sentence structure.

他们告诉我们时间，地点和活动。

They tell us about time, place, and movement.

它们可以是单个单词或多个单词。

They can be single words or multiple words.

在随后的课程中，介词将以“(pre)”表示。

In the lessons that follow, prepositions will be indicated by "(pre)".

Single word prepositions include: across, after, at, before, between, by, during, from, in, into, of, on, to, under, with, without. 单词介词包括：横过，后，在，之前，之间，通过，中，从，在，成，的，上，至，下，同，无。

Examples: The car is in the garage. 示例：汽车在车库中。

Dinner is on the table. 晚餐在桌上。

Compound prepositions include: ahead of, because of, in front of, in case of, in place of, in spite of, on behalf of, on top of. 复合介词包括：在之前，由于，头里，的情况下，代替，尽管，替，在之上。

Examples: They followed the people ahead of them, walking to the footy game. 例子：他们跟随前面的人，走向足球比赛。

Most people were driving slowly because of the heavy rain. 由于大雨，大多数人都在缓慢行驶。

The car in front of us stopped suddenly. 我们前面的汽车突然停了下来。

John put the equipment on top of the bench. 约翰把设备放在长凳上。

In spite of receiving higher tax refunds, people are still not spending much. 尽管获得了更高的退税额，但人们仍然没有花太多钱。

介词主要分为三组：移动，位置和时间。 某些介词（例如“ at”）属于多个组。

There are three main groups of Prepositions: Movement, Place and Time. Some prepositions, for example "at", fall into more than one group.

本课程的布局不同。 现在显示了示例及其定义，以便您可以轻松地将它们进行匹配。 John分别谈到了每个定义加示例组。 约翰将在课程的其余部分继续这种布局。

The layout of this lesson is different. Examples are now shown with their definitions, so that you can match them up easily. John separately speaks about each definition-plus-examples group. John will continue this layout for the remainder of the Course.

PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT 运动的前提

这里有许多按字母顺序排列的示例。

Here are many of them, in alphabetical order, with examples.

ACROSS: 横过：Shows movement from one side of a place to another side. 显示从某个地方到另一边的运动。

Examples: The child ran across the road. 例子：孩子跑过马路。

The car cartwheeled across the freeway and smashed into a bridge. 汽车推进高速公路，撞到一座桥上。

ALONG: 沿：Shows movement for the length of some place. 显示某个地方的运动。

Examples: We walked along a muddy track. 例子：我们沿着一条泥泞的小路走。

The Tourist Road runs along the coast. 游客路沿着海岸。

AROUND: 四处：Shows movement in an erratic fashion at a place. 在某处以一种不稳定的方式显示运动。

Examples: We saw children running around the playground. 示例：我们看到孩子们在操场上跑来跑去。

To hop means to move around by jumping on one foot. 跳跃意味着一只脚跳来跳去。

AT: 在：A special case of "at", showing the reason for a movement, rather than showing the movement itself. 特殊情况下的“在”表示运动的原因，而不是运动本身。

Examples: David kicked the ball at the goal. 例子：大卫将球踢入球门。

We ate lunch at a new local restaurant. 我们在一家新的当地餐厅吃了午餐。

AWAY FROM: 远离：Shows movement to a different place. 显示移动到另一个地方。

Examples: The cat ran away from the dog. 例子：猫逃离了狗。

Muriel had to drag her grand-children away from their iPads, so that they could play outside. Muriel不得不将孙子孙女从iPad上拉开，以便他们可以在外面玩。

BACK TO: 回到：Shows movement towards a place where you were previously. 显示向您以前所在的地方移动。

Examples: After the footy, Frank and Muriel walked back to their home. 例子：脚步过后，弗兰克和穆里尔回到家中。

To right (v): For a boat, to move back to a normal upright position. 向右（v）：对于小船，请移回正常的直立位置。

DOWN: 往下：Shows movement from a higher place to a lower place. 显示从较高位置到较低位置的移动。

Examples: The children rolled down the hill. 例子：孩子们滚下山坡。

The boy sat down on a chair. 这个男孩坐在椅子上。

IN: 在：A special case of "in", showing the reason for a movement, rather than showing the movement itself. “输入”的一种特殊情况，表示运动的原因，而不是运动本身。

Examples: She threw her lunch in a rubbish bin. 例子：她把午餐放在垃圾桶里。

Frank put two sandwiches in his lunch box. 弗兰克在午餐盒里放了两个三明治。

INTO: 直到：Shows movement to the inside or middle of a place. 显示移动到某个位置的内部或中间。

Examples: They walked into the kitchen. 例子：他们走进厨房。

Frank carefully poured some petrol into his motor-mower. 弗兰克小心翼翼地将一些汽油倒入他的电动割草机中。

dive (v): To jump into water in an elegant way, hands first, palms pressed together, body straight. 以优雅的方式跳入水中，先握手，手掌压在一起，身体笔直。

OFF: 离：Shows movement away from a place or position. 显示远离某个地点或位置的运动。

Examples: The singer walked off the stage. 例子：歌手离开了舞台。

drag (v): To get a hold on something and to move it sideways without lifting it completely off the ground. 抓住某物并将其向侧面移动而不将其完全抬离地面。

The fruit is dropping off the tree. 水果从树上掉下来。

ONTO: 到 ... 之上: Shows movement into or on a place. 显示移动到某个地方或某个地方的动作。

Examples: The farmer loaded cattle onto trucks to go to market. 例子：农夫将牛装载到卡车上去市场。

Muriel drizzled olive oil onto a salad. 穆里尔把橄榄油淋在沙拉上。

OUT OF: 在......之外: Shows movement from the inside or middle of a place. 显示从某个地方的内部或中间移动。

Examples: At 3 pm the children streamed out of school. 例子：下午3点，孩子们从学校流出来。

Bill Gates dropped out of Business School, and he's now the richest man in the world. 比尔盖茨从商学院退学，他现在是世界上最富有的人。

OVER: 以上: Shows movement above or higher than a place, or from one side to the other. 显示在某个位置上方或上方或从一侧到另一侧的运动。

Examples: We drove over a bridge to the island. 例子：我们驶过通往岛上的一座桥。

The young boy picked up the blue ball. He threw it over the fence. 那个小男孩拿起了蓝色的球。 他把它扔到篱笆上。

PAST: 经: Shows movement to a position that is further away than a place. 显示移动到比某个地方更远的位置。

Examples: Alice walked past the narrow opening to a dark street. 例子：爱丽丝走过狭窄的开口进入一条黑暗的街道。

The cat ran past Frank before he could catch it. 在他抓住之前，那只猫跑过弗兰克。

ROUND: 附近: Shows movement in an approximate circle at a place. 在某个位置以近似圆周显示运动。

Examples: The athletes ran round the track. 例子：运动员在赛道上奔跑。

John walked round his car, checking the tyres. 约翰绕着汽车走来，检查轮胎。

THROUGH: 通过: Shows movement from one part of a place to another part. 显示从一个地方的一部分到另一部分的运动。

Examples: Muriel and Frank walked through the entrance to the stand. 例子：Muriel和Frank穿过看台的入口。

We cycled through the pedestrian underpass. 我们骑行穿过人行地下通道。

TO: 于: Shows movement towards a certain place. 显示向特定位置移动。

Examples: Fred moved to Melbourne five years ago. 例子：弗雷德五年前移居墨尔本。

Frank has gone to the shops and will be back shortly. 弗兰克已经去商店了，很快就会回来。

The friends walked to the park. 朋友们去了公园。

TOWARDS: 向: Shows movement in the direction of a place. 显示在位置方向上的移动。

Examples: On the dark street, Alice saw a squat, mean-looking man walking towards her. 例子：在黑暗的街道上，爱丽丝看到一个蹲着，看起来很卑鄙的男人走向她。

pull (v): To apply a force to something, to try to move it towards you. The opposite of PUSH. 对某物施加力，试图将它移向你。 与PUSH相反。

UNDER: 下: Shows movement below or lower than a place. 显示低于或低于某个位置的移动。

Examples: The cat was frightened and hid under a bed. 例子：猫被吓到并藏在床下。

Do I need to put the garden furniture under cover? 我需要把花园家具盖好吗？

UP: 截至: Shows movement from a lower place to a higher place. 显示从较低位置到较高位置的移动。

Examples: The two girls walked up the stairs. 例子：两个女孩走上楼梯。

A flock of cockatoos flew up into the air. 一群凤头鹦鹉飞向空中。

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE 地点的介词

这些显示什么东西位于。

These show where something is located.

ABOVE / OVER: 以上: Located in a higher position than something else. 位于比其他位置更高的位置。

Examples: A faded sign hung over the door. 例子：门上方悬挂着褪色的标志。

The sun rose slowly above the horizon. 太阳在地平线上慢慢升起。

She lives in an apartment over a pizza shop. 她住在一家比萨店的公寓里。

AFTER: 之后: Following in place. 跟随到位。

Examples: She slammed the door after her. 例子：她追赶她的门。

Alphabetically, his name comes after mine in the list. 按字母顺序，他的名字在列表中我的名字后面。

AMONG: 其中：In the middle of things or people. 在事物或人中间。

Examples: I enjoy being among people who like footy. 例子：我喜欢和那些喜欢脚步的人在一起。

I saw two people I know among the crowd. 我在人群中看到两个我认识的人。

AT: 在：Shows a specific place. 显示一个特定的地方。

Examples: "Someone is at the door." said Frank. 例子：“有人在门口。” 弗兰克说。

Betty sat at a table in the park. 贝蒂坐在公园的一张桌子旁。

We stopped walking to look at the view. 我们停止步行去看风景。

BEHIND: 背后：At the back of something or someone. 在某人或某人的背后。

Examples: Free parking is available behind the supermarket. 例子：超市后面有免费停车场。

The staff member behind the counter cuts and weighs a slice. 柜台后面的工作人员切成薄片并称重。

BELOW / BENEATH / UNDER: 下面：Located in a lower position than something else. 位于比其他更低的位置。

Examples: The sun sank slowly below the horizon. 例子： 太阳慢慢地沉入地平线以下。

The waiter went into the cellar beneath the restaurant. 服务员走进餐厅下面的地窖。

Frank searched under the house for the missing pot. 弗兰克在屋子下面搜索了失踪的锅。

BETWEEN: 之间：In the space separating two people or things. 在分隔两个人或事物的空间中。

Examples: Sydney is halfway between Melbourne and Brisbane. 例子：悉尼位于墨尔本和布里斯班之间。

Your calf is the thick back part of your leg, between your knee and your foot. 小腿是膝盖和脚之间的大腿后部。

BESIDE / BY / NEXT TO: 旁：At the side of something or someone. 在某物或某人的身边。

Examples: Alice sat beside Sandra at the meeting. 例子：爱丽丝在会议上坐在桑德拉(Sandra)旁边。

Our local bank is by the wine shop. 我们当地的银行在葡萄酒商店附近。

We sat next to a very well-dressed woman. 我们坐在一个穿着考究的女人旁边。

IN: 在：Shows where something is enclosed, or where it is within a town, country etc. 显示某物被封闭的位置，或它在城镇，国家/地区等的位置。

Examples: The dog is in the back yard. 例子：狗在后院。

Yan lives in an apartment. 艳住在公寓里。

John put his soldering iron in a drawer. 约翰把烙铁放在抽屉里。

IN FRONT OF: 头里：Close to the front part of something. 靠近某物的前部。

Examples: Alice stood in front of the whiteboard. 例子：爱丽丝站在白板前面。

A police car is parked in front of Fred's house. 一辆警车停在弗雷德家门前。

ON: 上：Shows a specific place. 显示一个特定的地方。

Examples: The cat sat on the mat. 例子：猫坐在垫子上。

A large photograph hung on the wall. 一张大照片挂在墙上。

John used to live on Albion Road. 约翰曾经住在阿尔比恩路。

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 时间的介词

这些显示什么时候发生或将要发生。

These show when something happened, or will happen.

AT: 在：Refers to a specific time. 指的是特定时间。

Examples: Sandra starts work at 9.00 a.m. 例子：Sandra在上午9:00开始上班。

Alice has a meeting at 3:00 p.m. 爱丽丝在下午3:00开会。

"At no time did I do anything illegal" said the politician. 这位政治家说：“我从来没有做过任何违法的事情。”

Muriel doesn’t like driving at night. Muriel不喜欢在夜间开车。

BY: 通过：Tells us about a deadline (the latest time that something must happen). 告诉我们截止日期（必须发生的最晚时间）。

Examples: We must finish this project by the end of March. 例子：我们必须在三月底之前完成这个项目。

By the time they arrived at the station, the last train had gone. 当他们到达车站时，最后一列火车已经走了。

I need this report by tomorrow morning. 我明天早上需要这份报告。

DURING: 中：From the beginning to the end of a period of time. 从开始到结束的一段时间。

Examples: During the meeting, Alice's presentation was discussed in detail. 例子：在会议期间，详细讨论了爱丽丝的演讲。

The children sat very quietly during the concert. 音乐会期间，孩子们非常安静地坐着。

FOR: 对于：Shows an amount of time that some activity took. 显示某些活动花费的时间。

Examples: We shall be away for 8 days. 例子：我们将离开8天。

I've been driving this route for years. 我已经驾驶这条路线多年了。

We have to turn off the electricity supply for 2 hours. 我们必须关闭电源2个小时。

IN: 在：Refers to nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year. It can also refer to a length of time. 指一天，一个月，一个季节或一年中的非特定时间。 它也可以指一段时间。

Examples: In summer the weather in Queensland is very wet. 例子：夏季，昆士兰州的天气非常潮湿。

John started his business in 1997. 约翰于1997年开始经营业务。

Muriel likes to have a nap in the afternoon. 穆里尔喜欢在午睡。

ON: 上：Refers to specific days and dates. 指特定的日期和日期。

Examples: Her birthday is on Wednesday. 例子：她的生日是星期三。

I have to work on Melbourne Cup Day. 我必须在墨尔本杯日工作。

We're having my birthday party on 12th of October. 我们的生日聚会将于10月12日举行。

SINCE: 以来：Tells us about the point in time when something began. 告诉我们一些事情开始的时间点。

Examples: This was Melbourne's driest winter since 1926. 例子：这是自1926年以来墨尔本最干旱的冬天。

Muriel has been ill with influenza since the 5th. 从5日开始，穆里尔就患了流感。

Since losing his job, Alice's brother has leaned on her financially. 失去工作后，爱丽丝的兄弟在经济上倾向于她。

TILL / UNTIL / UP TO: 直到：Tells us about a time when something is expected to end. 告诉我们某个事情会结束的时间。

Examples: We’re open till 5:30 tonight. 例子：我们营业至今晚5:30。

The Art Show runs until next week. 艺术展将持续到下周。

The winter clothing specials are available up to the start of September. 特价冬季服装到9月初才提供。

THROUGHOUT: 历来：During an entire period of time. 在整个时间段内。

Examples: Frank worked hard painting the house throughout October. 例子：弗兰克整个十月都在努力地粉刷房子。

The office was short of staff throughout the project. 在整个项目中，办公室人员短缺。

WHERE to PUT PREPOSITIONS 在哪里放置介词

为了结束本课，以下是建议您说和写最好的英语的建议-尽量不要以介词结尾句子。 介词是“弱”词。 句子结尾处最强的词是动词，如果您可以在句子的末尾加上动词并用声音强调它，那是很好的。

To end this lesson, here is advice for speaking and writing the best English - try not to end a sentence with a preposition. Prepositions are "weak" words. The strongest words with which you can end a sentence are verbs, and it’s good if you can put a verb at the end of a sentence and emphasise it with your voice.

例如，与其说“我一起来的朋友”，不如说“我一起来的朋友”。 听约翰讲两个句子：

For example, rather than saying "The friends I came with", say "The friends with whom I came". Listen to John pronounce the two sentences:

The friends I came with. The friends with whom I came. 我一起来的朋友。 我一起来的朋友。

如果您要写考试卷，法律文件或正式建议，请考虑此规则。

If you are writing an exam paper, or a legal document, or a formal proposal, think of this rule.

与其说“他度假的两个星期”，不如说“他度假的两个星期”。

Rather than "The two weeks he was on holiday for", say "The two weeks for which he was on holiday".

The two weeks he was on holiday for. The two weeks for which he was on holiday. 他在度假两个星期。 他度假两周。

与其说“您希望何时提交此报告？”，不如说“您希望该报告的截止日期是什么时候？” 或将句子更改为“此报告的截止日期是什么？”

Rather than "When do you want this report by?", say "By what date do you want this report?" or change the sentence to "What's the deadline for this report?"

When do you want this report by? By what date do you want this report? What's the deadline for this report? 您何时需要这份报告？ 您想要什么日期的这份报告？ 该报告的截止日期是几点？

说“完美”英语的唯一问题是，大多数澳大利亚人会很难理解！ 就像第26课中的“应/将”和第30课中的“谁/谁”一样，这里有“完美”英语和“每天”英语。

The only problem with speaking "perfect" English is that most Australians will find it hard to understand! Just like the example of "shall/will" in Lesson 26, and “who/whom” in Lesson 30, there is “perfect” English and “everyday” English.

您可以制作出很少听到的完美句子，您的听众必须专注于弄清您的意思！

You can produce perfect sentences that are so rarely heard, your audience has to concentrate on working out what you mean!

因此，正如约翰在第26和第30课中所建议的那样，如果您正在学习法律职业，请尝试“最好的”英语。 在日常对话中，您可能会介词放在最后。 这里有些例子：

So, just as John advised in Lessons 26 and 30, if you are studying for a career in Law, try for "best" English. In everyday conversation, you may keep prepositions at the end. Here are some examples:

What did you step on? 你踩了什么？

Where do you come from? 你从哪里来的？

My grandchildren are almost too much to put up with. 我的孙子几乎受不了了。

A good used car shouldn't be too hard to come by. 一辆好的二手车应该不会太难。

The friends I came with. 我一起来的朋友。

Who are you going with? 你要和谁一起去？

What are you waiting for? 你在等什么？

We need something to put this in. 我们需要一些东西来放入。